Rule 1: Relative pronouns – who/
which/when/whom……
Relative pronouns-এরক্ষেত্রে
completing sentence-এ number ও person অনুযায়ী পরের verb change হয়।
Example:
Incomplete: It is I who____________
Complete: It is I who am going abroad
এটাআমিই, যেবিদেশেযাচ্ছে।
Rule 2: so that/ in order that
এক্ষেত্রে first
clause-এর verb-এর tense অনুযায়ী main verb এরআগে may/might or can/could বসে।
Example:
Incomplete: The workers work hard so that____________
Complete: The workers work hard so that they may/can earn with honour.
শ্রমিকেরাকঠোরপরিশ্রমকরেযাতেতারাসম্মানেরসাথেউপার্জনকরতেপারে।
Rule
3: As if/ as though (এমনভাবেযেন)
ü Sub+v1+as
if/as though+ sub+v2
ü Sub+v2+ as
if/as though+ sub+ had +v3
Example:
Ø Incomplete: She speaks as
if____________
Ø Complete: She speaks as if she were a mad
সেএমনভাবেকথাবলেযেনমনেহয়সেপাগল।
Ø He pretendedas ifhe had finished all task.
সেএমনভানকরলযেনমনেহয়সেসমস্তকাজশেষকরেফেলেছে
Ø He talks as if/ as though.he knew everything.
Rule
4: It is time/ It is high time/ It is proper
time.
ð এখনইউপযুক্তসময়বাএখনইনাকরলেনয়এমনবোঝাতেব্যবহৃতহয়।
ü It is time/high
time+sub+ verb 2 + ext.
ü It is time/high
time+to+ verb1+ ext.
Example:
Ø It is high time they took a proper steps
for making their village habitable.
Ø It is time to protect yourself.
Rule 5 :So---that (এতইযে)
Too-----to
(Subject+ verb+ so+ adjective) + (subject+ cannot/could not +verb)
Example:
Incomplete: I am so tired____________
Complete: I am so tired that I cannot stand up
আমিএতইক্লান্তযেদারাতেপারিনা
Ø He is too deaf to listen.
Rule 5: provided/ provided that/ providing
that Or, “If”
Simple future form of verb+ simple present form of verb
Example:
Incomplete: I will get tired if____________
Complete: I will get tired if I don’t eat regularly
Rule 6: though/ although
In this case, the meaning of the main clause will be contradictory
to the subordinate one
Example:
Incomplete: Though he worked hard____________
Complete: Though he worked hard, he could not succeed in life; The
meaning of these two clauses are opposite
Rule 7: in spite of/ despite (সত্ত্বেও)
In spite of being a woman she can do all type of work
একজননারীহওয়াসত্ত্বেওসেসকলপ্রকারেরকাজক্রুতেপারে।
Despite his illness he went to Madrasah.
Rule 8 : Since /as
In this case, the meaning of the main clause will not be
contradictory to the subordinate one
Example:
Incomplete: As he knows English, ________
Complete: As he knows English, he may get a good job.
Rule 9: Since (1)
Since এরআগের clause টি simple present বা present perfect হলেপরের main clause টিতে verb এর simple past tense হয়।
Example:
Incomplete: It is ten years since________
Complete: It is ten years since I met him.
Rule 10 : Since (2)
কিন্তু
since এরআগের clause-টি simple past হলেপরের main clause-টিতে verb এর past perfect tense হয়।
Example:
Incomplete: It was ten years since________
Complete: It was ten years since I had met you last
Rule 11: Unless
Unless যুক্তবাক্যে main clause টিতে verb এরসাথে negative form হয়।
Example:
Incomplete: Unless you obey your elders ________
Complete: Unless you obey your elders, you cannot succeed in life.
Incomplete: Unless you work hard________
Complete: Unless you work hard, you will not prosper
Rule 12: I wish/ would that/
I wish/ would that যুক্তবাক্যে main clause টিতে subject + were use করাহয়।
Example:
Incomplete: I wish__________
Complete: I wish I were a king
Incomplete: Would that _______
Complete: Would that he were alive.
Rule 13: Before/ after
Incomplete
sentence-এ, Before-এরআগেরএবং after-এরপরের verb-এর past perfect tense থাকলেনিচেরনিয়মে sentence complete করাহয়-
- Subject+ past perfect…+ before+ subject + past simple
Example:
Incomplete: I had read the letter before__________
Complete: I had read the letter before I burnt it
- Subject+ past simple…+ after+ subject+ past perfect
Example:
Incomplete: ________after I had read
it
Complete: I burnt the letter after
I had read it.
Rule
14: As soon as
(যখন..... তখন/ যতশীঘ্রসম্ভব/ হতেনাহতেই)
ü As sooon as +sub + v1+ext, 2nd
clause এর
sub+ v1.
ü As sooon as +sub + v2+ext, 2nd
clause এর
sub+ v2.
★যেমন:
Ø He starts reading, as soon as his father comes
home.
তারবাবাবাড়িআসতেনাআসতেইসেপড়াশুরুকরে।
Ø As soon as reached the school, the
bell rang"
আমরাস্কুলেপৌঁছাতেনাপৌঁছাতেইশেষঘন্টাবেজেউঠল।
Ø As soon asthey went out, it started
to rain
Rule 15: No sooner had/ Scarcely had/
Hardly had (হতেনাহতেই / করতেনাকরতেই)
ü No sooner had+sub+v3+ext+
than + 2nd
clause এর sub+ v2+ext
ü Scarcely had +sub+v3+ext+
when + 2nd clause এর sub+ v2+ext
ü Hardly had+sub+v3+ext+
when/before + 2nd clause এর sub+ v2+ext
★যেমন:
Ø No sooner had
the thief seen the police than
he ran away.
চোরটিপুলিশকেদেখতেনাদেখতেইদৌরদিল।
Ø Hardly had
the baby seen its mother when
it started crying.
শিশুটিতারমাকেদেখতেনাদেখতেইকান্নাশুরুকরেদিল।
Conditionals or If clauses
Conditional sentence কি? এটিরপ্রকারভেদ।
একটি Conditional sentence-এদু’টি clause থাকে: নির্ভরশীল clause-টিশর্তবোঝায়এবংপ্রধান
clause-টিপ্রেক্ষাপটবোঝায়।এদেরকে‘if clauses’-ওবলাহয়।
A Conditional sentence contains
two clauses: the dependent clause expresses the condition, and the main clause
expresses the consequences. They are also known as ‘if clauses’.
There are four types of Conditionals:
·
The Second Conditionals and
The Zero Conditionals:
একটি zero conditional sentence দুটি
present simple verbs/tenses নিয়েগঠিতহয় (একটি‘if clause’এবংঅপরটি“মূল clause’) ।
Zero Conditional Sentence সাধারণসত্যএবংঅভ্যাসবোঝাতেব্যবহৃতহয়।এটাতখনওব্যবহৃতহয়যখনফলাফলটিসবসময়ইহবে।
A zero conditional sentence can be made with
two present simple verbs/tenses (one is the ‘if clause’ and another one is the
‘main clause’). It is used to express general truths and habits. This
conditional is also used when the result will always happe
Structure:
If + present simple . . . . . + present simple.
Examples:
o If it rains, water rises in the
pond.
যদিবৃষ্টিহয়, পুকুরেরপানিবৃদ্ধিপাবে।
o If you heat water, it boils.
যদিতুমিপানিকেতাপদাও, এটাফুটবে
o If you push the button, it lights
up.
যদিতুমিবাটনচাপ, এটাজ্বলেউঠবে।
The First Conditional:
First Conditional এসাধারণত‘if’-এরপরেএকটি present simple tense এবংতারপরএকটি
future simple clause থাকে।এইরকম conditional সাধারণতভবিষ্যতেহতেপারেএমনকিছুবোঝাতেব্যবহৃতহয়কিন্তুপুরোপুরিনিশ্চিতনয়।এটাসম্ভাব্যঘটনাবর্ণনাকরে।
A first conditional sentence contains a
present simple tense after ‘if’, and then a future simple clause. It is used to
express things that may happen in the future, but you don’t know what will
happen. It describes possible things.
Structure:
if + present simple, ........will, can, may + v1
Example:
o If it rains today, I’ll not go to
the market.
যদিআজবৃষ্টীহয়আমিবাজারেযাবনা।
o If I’ve enough money, I’ll help the
poor.
যদিআমারপর্যাপ্তটাকাথাকেআমিগরিবদেরসাহায্যকরব।
o If you don’t leave the place soon,
you’ll miss the train.
যদিতুমিদ্রুতস্থানত্যাগনাকরতুমিট্রেনমিসকরবে।
o If you come, I will go.
যদিতুমিআসআমিযাব।
o If you
work hard you can prosper in life.
যদিতুমিকঠরপরিশ্রমকরতুমিজিবনেসমৃদ্ধিকরতেপারবে।
The Second Conditional:
Structure:
if + past simple, ........would, could, might+v1
আনুষ্ঠানিকলেখায় I/he/she-এরসাথে‘was’-এরপরিবর্তে‘were’ব্যবহারকরতেহবে। Second Conditional এরদুটিব্যবহারআছে:
(In formal writing, you must use ‘were’ instead of ‘was’ with
I/he/she. It has two uses)
1. This structure can be used to talk
about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. It is as
like an imagination.
Second Conditional সাধারণতভবিষ্যতেরকোনঘটনাবোঝাতেব্যবহৃতহয়যাসত্যহবারকোনসম্ভাবনানেই।“হতেপারতোকিন্তুআসলেহয়নি”অর্থপ্রদানকরেএই conditional গুলো।
Example:
o If I won the lottery, I would help
the poor.
যদিআমিলটারিজিততেপারতাম, আমিগরিবদেরসাহায্যকরতাম।
o If I met the prime minister, I would
hug her.
যদিআমিপ্রধানমন্ত্রীরসাথেসাক্ষাতকরতেপাড়োটামআমীআলিঙ্গনকরতাম।
o If I had wings of bird, I could fly
in the sky.
যদিআমারপাখিরমতডানাথাকত, আমিআকাশেউড়তেপারতাম।
2. This structure also can be used to talk
about something in the present that is impossible as it is not true.
Second Conditional এর structure বর্তমানেরকোনঘটনাযাঅসম্ভববাসত্যনয়তাবোঝাতেওব্যবহৃতহতেপারে।যেমন:
Example:
o If I had his address, I would go to
meet him.
o If I were You, I would never go out
with him.
o If I had a plane, I would travel the
whole world.
The Third Conditional:
Third Conditional এ‘if’-এরপর past perfect tense এবংতারপর ‘would have’ এবং sentence-এরদ্বিতীয়অংশে past participle ব্যবহারকরে।
After ‘if’ it uses the past perfect tense,
and then ‘would have’ and the past participle in the second part of the
sentence.
Structure:
if + past perfect, ........would, could, might + have + past
participle
It talks about the past and describes a
situation that didn’t happen, and imagine the result of the situation.
Third Conditional সাধারণতঅতীতসম্পর্কেকথাবলেএবংএমনএকটিঘটনাবর্ণনাকরেযাঘটেনিএবংঘটনাটিরফলাফলকল্পনাকরে।
Example:
o If I had been in your position, I
would not have gone there.
o If you had driven fast, you wouldn’t
have missed the meeting.
o If he had left the place, he would
have bought the palace।
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